ILRS

Revista Internacional del Trabajo

0378-5548 1564-9148

10.1111/ilrs.12279

¿Son efectivos los tratados internacionales solo para los Estados ratificantes? Influencia de los convenios de la OIT sobre la protección de la maternidad en el mundo

SON

Keonhi

son@uni-bremen.de

SOCIUM Research Centre on Inequality and Social Policy, Universidad de Bremen

02 06 2023

142 2

10.1111/ilrs.v142.2

271 297

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Frente a la expectativa de que los Estados ratificantes son los únicos que cumplen los convenios internacionales, en este artículo se defiende la tesis de que los Estados no ratificantes, para aumentar su legitimidad, adecuan sus normas a los convenios de la OIT. Mediante una nueva base de datos históricos, se analiza la evolución de las disposiciones sobre la licencia de maternidad en 160 países de 1883 a 2018 a la luz de la adopción por la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo de los convenios sobre la protección de la maternidad. Los resultados empíricos confirman que, poco después, tanto los Estados ratificantes como los no ratificantes mejoraron sus políticas conexas.

Palabras clavenormas de la OIT protección de la maternidad tratado internacional ratificación entidad política mundial política familiar

Abu Sharkh, Miriam. 2002. «History and Results of Labor Standard Initiatives ». Tesis doctoral, Free University of Berlin.

Aguilar, Paula Lucía. 2018. «Motherhood at the Heart of Labour Regulation: Argentina, 1907–1941». En Women's ILO: Transnational Networks, Global Labour Standards, and Gender Equity, 1919 to Present, editado por EileenBoris, DorotheaHoehtker y SusanZimmerman, 255–275. Ginebra y Leiden: OIT y Brill.

Baccini, Leonardo, y MathiasKoenig-Archibugi. 2014. «Why Do States Commit to International Labor Standards? Interdependent Ratification of Core ILO Conventions, 1948–2009». World Politics 66 (3): 446–490.

Baccini, Leonardo, y JohannesUrpelainen. 2014. «Before Ratification: Understanding the Timing of International Treaty Effects on Domestic Policies». International Studies Quarterly 58 (1): 29–43.

Barrett, Deborah, y David JohnFrank. 1999. «Population Control for National Development: From World Discourse to National Policies». En Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875, editado por JohnBoli y George M.Thomas, 198–221. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Beck, Nathaniel, Jonathan N.Katz y RichardTucker. 1998. «Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series-Cross-Section Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable». American Journal of Political Science 42 (4): 1260–1287.

Berkovitch, Nitza. 1999. From Motherhood to Citizenship: Women's Rights and International Organizations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Blofield, Merike, y Juliana MartínezFranzoni. 2015. «Maternalism, Co-Responsibility, and Social Equity: A Typology of Work–Family Policies». Social Politics: International Studies in Gender , State and Society 22 (1): 38–59.

Böger, Tobias, y LutzLeisering. 2020. «A New Pathway to Universalism? Explaining the Spread of “Social” Pensions in the Global South, 1967–2011». Journal of International Relations and Development 23 (2): 308–338.

Boix, Carles, MichaelMiller y SebastianRosato. 2013. «A Complete Data Set of Political Regimes, 1800–2007». Comparative Political Studies 46 (12): 1523–1554.

Boockmann, Bernhard. 2000. Decision-Making on ILO Conventions and Recommendations: Legal Framework and Application. Mannheim: Centre for European Economic Research ZEW.

Boockmann, Bernhard. 2010. «The Effect of ILO Minimum Age Conventions on Child Labor and School Attendance: Evidence from Aggregate and Individual-Level Data». World Development 38 (5): 679–692.

Boris, Eileen. 2019. Making the Woman Worker: Precarious Labor and the Fight for Global Standards, 1919–2019. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.

Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., y Bradford S.Jones. 2004. Event History Modeling: A Guide for Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Carter, David B., y Curtis S.Signorino. 2010. «Back to the Future: Modeling Time Dependence in Binary Data». Political Analysis 18 (3): 271–292.

Chau, Nancy H., RaviKanbur, AnnHarrison y PeterMorici. 2001. «The Adoption of International Labor Standards Conventions. Who, When, and Why?». Brookings Trade Forum , 113–156.

Cole, Wade M.2015. «International Human Rights and Domestic Income Inequality: A Difficult Case of Compliance in World Society». American Sociological Review 80 (2): 359–390.

Cooper, Frederick. 1996. Decolonization and African Society. The Labor Question in French and British Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Daly, Mary, y EmanueleFerragina. 2018. «Family Policy in High-Income Countries: Five Decades of Development». Journal of European Social Policy 28 (3): 255–270.

Downs, George W., David M.Rocke y Peter N.Barsoom. 1996. «Is the Good News about Compliance Good News about Cooperation?». International Organization 50 (3): 379–406.

Drori, Gili S., y GeorgKrücken. 2009. «World Society: A Theory and Research Program in Context». En World Society: The Writings of John W. Meyer, editado por GeorgKrücken y Gili S.Drori, 3–35. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Finnemore, Martha. 1993. «International Organizations as Teachers of Norms: The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization and Science Policy». International Organization 47 (4): 565–597.

Finnemore, Martha. 1996. «Norms, Culture, and World Politics: Insights from Sociology's Institutionalism». International Organization 50 (2): 325–347.

Finnemore, Martha, y KathrynSikkink. 1998. «International Norm Dynamics and Political Change». International Organization 52 (4): 887–917.

Flanagan, Robert J., y William B.GouldIV (eds.). 2003. International Labor Standards: Globalization, Trade, and Public Policy. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Frank, David John, AnnHironaka y EvanSchofer. 2000. «The Nation-State and the Natural Environment over the Twentieth Century». American Sociological Review 65 (1): 96–116.

Gauthier, Anne Hélène. 1996. The State and the Family: A Comparative Analysis of Family Policies in Industrialized Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gauthier, Anne Hélène, y Judith C.Koops. 2018. «The History of Family Policy Research». En Handbook of Family Policy, editado por Guðný BjörkEydal y TineRostgaard, 11–23. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Haas, Ernst B.2008. Beyond the Nation-State: Functionalism and International Organization. Colchester: ECPR Press.

Hafner-Burton, Emilie M., y KiyoteruTsutsui. 2005. «Human Rights in a Globalizing World: The Paradox of Empty Promises». American Journal of Sociology 110 (5): 1373–1411.

Hartlapp, Miriam. 2007. «On Enforcement, Management and Persuasion: Different Logics of Implementation Policy in the EU and the ILO». JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 45 (3): 653–674.

Hathaway, Oona A.2002. «Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference?». Yale Law Journal 111 (8): 1935–2042.

Helfer, Laurence R.2006. «Understanding Change in International Organizations: Globalization and Innovation in the ILO». Vanderbilt Law Review 59 (3): 649–726.

Helfer, Laurence R.2008. «Monitoring Compliance with Unratified Treaties: The ILO Experience». Law and Contemporary Problems 71 (1): 193–217.

Kahn-Nisser, Sara. 2016. «The Ripple Effect: Peer ILO Treaty Ratification, Regional Socialization, and Collective Labor Standards». Global Governance 22 (4): 513–532.

Kim, Wonik. 2010. «The Ratification of ILO Conventions and the Provision of Unemployment Benefits: An Empirical Analysis». International Social Security Review 63 (1): 37–55.

Knutsen, Carl Henrik, y MagnusRasmussen. 2018. «The Autocratic Welfare State: Old-Age Pensions, Credible Commitments, and Regime Survival». Comparative Political Studies 51 (5): 659–695.

Lagergren, Stina. 1986. «Influencia de las normas de la OIT en la legislación y la práctica de Suecia». Revista Internacional del Trabajo 105 (3): 339–364.

Landau, Eve C.1988. «Influencia de las normas internacionales del trabajo de la OIT en la legislación y la práctica laborales de Australia». Revista Internacional del Trabajo 107 (1): 95–121.

Landy, Ernest Alfred. 1970. «Influencia de las normas internacionales del trabajo: Posibilidades y realizaciones». Revista Internacional del Trabajo 81 (6): 629–684.

Langille, Brian. 2016. «Labor». En The Oxford Handbook of International Organizations, editado por Jacob KatzCogan, Ian Hurd e IanJohnstone, 472–489. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Leitner, Sigrid. 2003. «Varieties of Familialism: The Caring Function of the Family in Comparative Perspective». European Societies 5 (4): 353–375.

Lim, Alwyn, y KiyoteruTsutsui. 2012. «Globalization and Commitment in Corporate Social Responsibility: Cross-National Analyses of Institutional and Political-Economy Effects». American Sociological Review 77 (1): 69–98.

Linos, Katerina. 2013. The Democratic Foundations of Policy Diffusion: How Health, Family and Employment Laws Spread across Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Maupain, Francis. 2003. «International Labor Organization: Recommendations and Similar Instruments». En Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal System, editado por DinahShelton, 372–392. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Maupain, Francis. 2013. The Future of the International Labour Organization in the Global Economy. Oxford: Hart Publishing.

Meyer, John W., y Michael T.Hannan. 1979. National Development and the World System: Educational, Economic, and Political Change, 1950–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Meyer, John W., Francisco O.Ramirez y Yasemin NuhoγluSoysal. 1992. «World Expansion of Mass Education, 1870–1980». Sociology of Education 65 (2): 128–149.

Mitchell, Ronald B.2007. «Compliance Theory: Compliance, Effectiveness, and Behaviour Change in International Environmental Law». En The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law, editado por DanielBodansky, JuttaBrunee y EllenHey, 893–921. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

OIT. 1921. Record of Proceedings . Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 3.^a reunión, 1921. Ginebra.

OIT. 1923. Record of Proceedings . Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 5.^a reunión, 1923. Ginebra.

OIT. 1924. Record of Proceedings . Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 6.^a reunión, 1924. Ginebra.

OIT. 1925. Record of Proceedings . Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 7.^a reunión, 1925. Ginebra.

OIT. 1936. Summary of Annual Reports under Article 22 of the Constitution of the International Labour Organisation . Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 20.^a reunión, 1936. Ginebra.

OIT. 1946. «Constitutional Questions». Official Bulletin , Vol. XXVII, No. 2. Ginebra.

OIT. 1953. Actas . Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 35.^a reunión, 1952. Ginebra.

OIT. 1958. Actas . Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 40.^a reunión, 1957. Ginebra.

OIT. 1959. Actas . Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 42.^a reunión, 1958. Ginebra.

OIT. 1981. Informe de la Comisión de Expertos en Aplicación de Convenios y Recomendaciones . Informe III (Parte 4A). Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 67.^a reunión, 1981. Ginebra.

Peksen, Dursun, y Robert G.Blanton. 2017. «The Impact of ILO Conventions on Worker Rights: Are Empty Promises Worse than No Promises?». Review of International Organizations 12 (1): 75–94.

Ramirez, Francisco O., John W.Meyer, Christine MinWotipka y Gili S.Drori. 2002. «Expansion and Impact of the World Human Rights Regime: Longitudinal and Cross-National Analyses over the Twentieth Century ». National Science Foundation grant proposal.

Saraceno, Chiara. 2011. «Childcare Needs and Childcare Policies: A Multidimensional Issue». Current Sociology 59 (1): 78–96.

Schofer, Evan, y AnnHironaka. 2005. «The Effects of World Society on Environmental Protection Outcomes». Social Forces 84 (1): 25–47.

Simmons, Beth A.2009. Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Son, Keonhi. 2022. «Colonialism and Paid Maternity Leave Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa». En Research Handbook on Leave Policy: Parenting and Social Inequalities in a Global Perspective, editado por IvanaDobrotić, SonjaBlum y AlisonKoslowski. Cheltenham: Edwar Elgar.

Strang, David, y Patricia Mei YinChang. 1993. «The International Labor Organization and the Welfare State: Institutional Effects on National Welfare Spending, 1960–80». International Organization 47 (2): 235–262.

Sundström, Aksel, PamelaPaxton, Yi-TingWang y Staffan I.Lindberg. 2017. «Women's Political Empowerment: A New Global Index, 1900–2012». World Development 94 (junio): 321–335.

Troclet, Léon-Éli, y ÉlianeVogel-Polsky. 1968. «Influencia de los convenios internacionales del trabajo en la legislación social de Bélgica». Revista Internacional del Trabajo 78 (5): 433–472.

Van Daele, Jasmien. 2010. «Writing ILO Histories: A State of the Art». En ILO Histories: Essays on the International Labour Organization and Its Impact on the World during the Twentieth Century, editado por JasmienVan Daele, Magaly RodríguezGarcía, GeertVan Goethem y Marcelvan derLinden, 13–40. Bern: Peter Lang.

Wikander, Ulla, AliceKessler-Harris y JaneLewis (eds.). 1995. Protecting Women: Labor Legislation in Europe, the United States, and Australia, 1880–1920. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Wotipka, Christine Min, y Francisco O.Ramirez. 2008. «World Society and Human Rights: An Event History Analysis of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women». En The Global Diffusion of Markets and Democracy, editado por Beth A.Simmons, FrankDobbin y GeoffreyGarrett, 303–343. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Zimmermann, Susan. 2018. «Globalizing Gendered Labour Policy: International Labour Standards and the Global South, 1919–1947». En Women's ILO: Transnational Networks, Global Labour Standards, and Gender Equity, 1919 to Present, editado por EileenBoris, DorotheaHoehtker y SusanZimmerman, 227–254. Ginebra y Leiden: OIT y Brill.