ILRF Revue internationale du Travail Revue internationale du Travail 0378-5599 1564-9121 10.1111/ilrf.12248 Promouvoir le pouvoir collectif des travailleurs dans les réseaux de production mondialisés: retour sur une occasion manquée SÉHIER Clément clement.sehier@imt-nord-europe.fr Institut Mines‐Télécom Nord‐Europe, Université de Lille; Centre lillois d'études et de recherches sociologiques et économiques (Clersé), Université de Lille et Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) (UMR 8019) 02 03 2023 162 1 10.1111/ilrf.v162.1 111 136 © Auteur(s), 2022. © Compilation: Organisation internationale du Travail, 2023.

L'auteur s'interroge sur la capacité des ONG de renforcer le pouvoir collectif du travail au sein des réseaux de production mondialisés en utilisant leur pouvoir de pression sur les multinationales pour lancer des programmes d'élections de comités de travailleurs dans les usines. Sur la base d'une enquête empirique menée entre 2012 et 2019 dans le sud de la Chine, il montre que ces programmes ont permis de sensibiliser les travailleurs à l'action collective et de renforcer leur agentivité, mais que l'inégalité structurelle du système de production, l'absence de protection institutionnelle en faveur des représentants élus et le durcissement du régime ont empêché qu'ils perdurent.

 Mots‐clésautonomisation des travailleurs réseaux de production mondialisés responsabilité sociale des entreprises pouvoir collectif organisation non gouvernementale agentivité enquête Chine

 

 Anner, Mark. 2018. «CSR Participation Committees, Wildcat Strikes and the Sourcing Squeeze in Global Supply Chains», British Journal of Industrial Relations  , 56 (1): 75–98. Bair, Jennifer, MarkAnner et JeremyBlasi. 2020. «The Political Economy of Private and Public Regulation in Post-Rana Plaza Bangladesh», Industrial and Labor Relations Review  , 73 (4): 969–994. Barrientos, Stephanie, GaryGereffi et AriannaRossi. 2011. «Nouveau paradigme du progrès économique et social dans les réseaux de production mondiaux», Revue internationale du Travail  , 150 (3-4): 347–372. Bartley, Tim, et NiklasEgels-Zandén. 2016. «Beyond Decoupling: Unions and the Lever-aging of Corporate Social Responsibility in Indonesia», Socio-Economic Review  , 14 (2) 231–255. Boyer, Robert. 2002. «Vingt ans de recherches sur le rapport salarial: un bilan succinct», dans Théorie de la régulation: l'état des savoirs, publ. sous la dir. deRobertBoyer et YvesSaillard, 106–114. Paris: La Découverte. Boyer, Robert. 2018. «Marx's Legacy, Régulation Theory and Contemporary Capitalism», Review of Political Economy  , 30 (3): 284–316. Chan, Anita. 2009. «Challenges and Possibilities for Democratic Grassroots Union Elections in China: A Case Study of Two Factory-Level Elections and their Aftermath», Labor Studies Journal  , 34 (3): 293–317. Chan, Chris King-chi. 2013a. «Promoting Freedom of Association in China? Putting Transnational Corporate Social Responsibility into a National Context», Journal of Comparative Asian Development  , 12 (1): 6–34. Chan, Chris King-chi. 2013b. «Community-Based Organizations for Migrant Workers' Rights: The Emergence of Labour NGOs in China», Community Development Journal  , 48 (1): 6–22. Chan, Jenny. 2019. «State and Labor in China, 1978–2018», Journal of Labor and Society  , 22 (2): 461–475. Chan, Kam Wing. 2019. «China's Hukou System at 60: Continuity and Reform», dans Handbook on Urban Development in China, publ. sous la dir. deRayYep, JuneWang et ThomasJohnson, 59–79. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Chang, Kai, et Fang LeeCooke. 2015. «Legislating the Right to Strike in China: Historical Development and Prospects», Journal of Industrial Relations  , 57 (3): 440–455. Chen, Feng. 2016. «China's Road to the Construction of Labor Rights», Journal of Sociology  , 52 (1): 24–38. Cheng, Joseph Yu-shek, King-lunNgok et YanHuang. 2012. «Multinational Corporations, Global Civil Society and Chinese Labour: Workers' Solidarity in China in the Era of Globalization», Economic and Industrial Democracy  , 33 (3): 379–401. Coe, Neil M., et David C.Jordhus-Lier. 2011. «Constrained Agency? Re-Evaluating the Geographies of Labour», Progress in Human Geography  , 35 (2): 211–233. Coe, Neil M., et Henry Wai-chungYeung. 2019. «Global Production Networks: Mapping Recent Conceptual Developments», Journal of Economic Geography  , 19 (4): 775–801. Cradden, Conor, et Jean-ChristopheGraz. 2016. «Is Transnational Private Regulation Potentially an Effective Means of Promoting Collective Industrial Relations?», Global Labour Journal  , 7 (1). https://mulpress.mcmaster.ca/globallabour/issue/view/284. Cumbers, Andy, CorinneNativel et PaulRoutledge. 2008. «Labour Agency and Union Positionalities in Global Production Networks», Journal of Economic Geography  , 8 (3): 369–387. Franceschini, Ivan, et ElisaNesossi. 2018. «State Repression of Chinese Labor NGOs: A Chilling Effect?», China Journal  , 80:111–129. Franceschini, Ivan, et KevinLin. 2019. «Labour NGOs in China. From Legal Mobilisation to Collective Struggle (and Back?)», China Perspectives  , 2019/1:75–84. Friedman, Eli, et Ching KwanLee. 2010. «Remaking the World of Chinese Labour: A 30-Year Retrospective», British Journal of Industrial Relations  , 48 (3): 507–533. Froissart, Chloé, et IvanFranceschini. 2022. «2015: Labour NGOs under Assault», dans Proletarian China: A Century of Chinese Labour, publ. sous la dir. d'IvanFranceschini et ChristianSorace, 684–691. Londres: Verso. Froissart, Chloé, et YiXu. 2014. «Hong Kong et le delta de la rivière des Perles: liens économiques et activisme social», Critique  , 807–808 (8-9): 726–739. Fuchs, Daniel, Patricia Fuk-YingTse et XiaojunFeng. 2019. «Labour Research under Coercive Authoritarianism: Comparative Reflections on Fieldwork Challenges in China», Economic and Industrial Democracy  , 40 (1): 132–155. Henderson, Jeffrey, PeterDicken, MartinHess, NeilCoe et Henry Wai-ChungYeung. 2002. «Global Production Networks and the Analysis of Economic Development», Review of International Political Economy  , 9 (3): 436–464. Howell, Jude. 2015. «Shall We Dance? Welfarist Incorporation and the Politics of State–Labour NGO Relations», China Quarterly  , 223:702–723. Howell, Jude. 2021. «From Green Shoots to Crushed Petals: Labour NGOs in China», Made in China Journal  , 6 (1): 102–107. Howell, Jude, et TimPringle. 2019. «Shades of Authoritarianism and State–Labour Relations in China», British Journal of Industrial Relations  , 57 (2): 223–246. Levy, David L.2008. «Political Contestation in Global Production Networks», Academy of Management Review  , 33 (4): 943–963. Levy, David L., et FlorencePalpacuer. 2017. «Global Production Networks and the Changing Corporation», dans The Corporation: A Critical, Multi-Disciplinary Handbook, publ. sous la dir. deGrietjeBaars et AndréSpicer, 336–345. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Levy, David L., JulianeReinecke et StephanManning. 2016. «The Political Dynamics of Sustainable Coffee: Contested Value Regimes and the Transformation of Sustainability», Journal of Management Studies  , 53 (3): 364–401. Prieto-Carrón, Marina, PeterLund-Thomsen, AnitaChan, AnaMuro et ChandraBhushan. 2006. «Critical Perspectives on CSR and Development: What We Know, What We Don't Know, and What We Need to Know», International Affairs  , 82 (5): 977–987. Pun, Ngai, TommyTse, VictorShin et LuluFan. 2020. «Conceptualising Socio- Economic Formations of Labour and Workers' Power in Global Production Networks», Sociology  , 54 (4): 745–762. Rainnie, Al, AndrewHerod et SusanMcGrath-Champ. 2011. «Review and Positions: Global Production Networks and Labour», Competition & Change  , 15 (2): 155–169. Roussey, Clara, NicolasBalas et FlorencePalpacuer. 2022. «Political CSR Initiatives as Levers of Marginalisation: The Disconnect between Representatives and the So-Called Represented in the Mining Industry», Critical Perspectives on International Business  , 18 (1): 31–49. SACOM (Students & Scholars Against Corporate Misbehavior). 2009. Hewlett-Packard Labor Rights Training Program: Delta Electronics (Dongguan) Co., Ltd. CHINA  . https://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/rapports/2009/20090923_PPP-SACOM_Delta-en.pdf. Schmalz, Stefan, BrandonSommer et HuiXu. 2017. «The Yue Yuen Strike: Industrial Transformation and Labour Unrest in the Pearl River Delta», Globalizations  , 14 (2): 285–297. Séhier, Clément. 2017. «Le gouvernement chinois peut-il réorienter le régime d'accumulation? Une analyse au prisme des transformations du rapport salarial», Revue de la régulation. Capitalisme, institutions, pouvoirs  , 21. https://doi.org/10.4000/regulation.12241. Séhier, Clément. 2019. «Corporate Social Responsibility against Workers? How Codes of Conduct Have Failed to Improve Working Conditions in the Chinese Industry», Society and Business Review  , 15 (2): 55–76. Séhier, Clément, et RichardSobel (dir.). 2015. Travail, luttes sociales et régulation du capitalisme dans la Chine contemporaine. Villeneuve-d'Ascq: Presses universitaires du Septentrion. Selwyn, Ben. 2012. «Beyond Firm-Centrism: Re-Integrating Labour and Capitalism into Global Commodity Chain Analysis», Journal of Economic Geography  , 12 (1): 205–226. Selwyn, Ben. 2013. «Social Upgrading and Labour in Global Production Networks: A Critique and an Alternative Conception», Competition & Change  , 17 (1): 75–90. Sum, Ngai Ling, et NgaiPun. 2005. «Globalization and Paradoxes of Ethical Transnational Production: Code of Conduct in a Chinese Workplace», Competition & Change  , 9 (2): 181–200. Weil, David. 2014. The Fissured Workplace: Why Work Became So Bad for So Many and What Can Be Done to Improve It. Cambridge (États-Unis): Harvard University Press. Whelan, Glen. 2012. «The Political Perspective of Corporate Social Responsibility: A Critical Research Agenda», Business Ethics Quarterly  , 22 (4): 709–737. Wright, Erik Olin. 2000. «Working-Class Power, Capitalist-Class Interests, and Class Compromise», American Journal of Sociology  , 105 (4): 957–1002. Xu, Yi, et Chris King-ChiChan. 2018. «Conductive Activism: Anti-Sweatshop Campaigns across Hong Kong and Mainland China», Journal of Contemporary Asia  , 48 (1): 88–112. Yu, Xiaomin. 2008. «Impacts of Corporate Code of Conduct on Labor Standards: A Case Study of Reebok's Athletic Footwear Supplier Factory in China», Journal of Business Ethics  , 81 (3): 513–529. Yu, Xiaomin. 2015. «Upholding Labour Standards through Corporate Social Responsibility Policies in China», Global Social Policy  , 15 (2): 167–187.