Skip to main content
research-article

Prison labour, customs preference schemes and decent work: Critical analysis and outlook

Authors
  • Andrea SITZIA (Department of Political Science, Law, and International Studies of the University of Padua)
  • Benoît LOPEZ (University of Versailles Saint‐Quentin‐en‐Yvelines, Université Paris‐Saclay)

Abstract

In customs preference schemes, prison labour is primarily viewed as unfair competition, to be rejected out of hand. This form of employment can, however, be understood differently, notably by considering the conditions under which it may constitute decent work, and by seeing it as a tool for rehabilitation. Following an in‐depth legal analysis, in which they compare the relevant standards of the ILO to EU and WTO customs regulations in the light of the capability approach, the authors call for the development of a set of rules drawing on several branches of law relating to prison labour.

Keywords: prison labour, ILO standards, WTO, EU, tariff policy, unfair competition, vulnerable groups, capability approach, decent work, European law

How to Cite:

SITZIA, A. & LOPEZ, B., (2023) “Prison labour, customs preference schemes and decent work: Critical analysis and outlook”, ILR Test Journal 162(2), 305–326. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ilr.12399

Rights: © 2023 The Authors. International Labour Review published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Labour Organization.

2 Views

2 Downloads

Published on
2023-06-02

Peer Reviewed

 

References

Alben, Elissa. 2001. “GATT and the Fair Wage: A Historical Perspective on the Labor–Trade Link”. Columbia Law Review  101 (6): 1410–1447.

Auvergnon, Philippe. 2018. “Travail pénitentiaire”. In Répertoire de droit du travail. Paris: Dalloz.

Auvergnon, Philippe. 2022. “Quand la lutte contre la récidive permet et limite les progrès de l'encadrement juridique du travail en prison”. Droit social  . https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03924058/document.

Auvergnon, Philippe, MarieCrétenot, NicolasFerran, and CyrilWolmark. 2019. “Propositions pour un statut juridique du détenu travailleur”. Droit social  12 (December): 1075–1082.

Busse, Matthias, and SebastianBraun. 2003. “Trade and Investment Effects of Forced Labour: An Empirical Assessment”. International Labour Review  142 (1): 49–71.

Cepillo Galvín, Miguel Ángel. 2008. Política comercial europea y preferencias arancelarias. Madrid: Dykinson.

Clear, Todd R.2008. “The Effects of High Imprisonment Rates on Communities”. Crime and Justice  37 (1): 97–132.

Clemmer, Donald. 1940. The Prison Community. Boston, MA: Christopher Publishing House.

Compa, Lance A.1993. “Labor Rights and Labor Standards in International Trade”. Law and Policy in International Business  25:165–191.

Dermine, Élise. 2014. “Activation Policies for the Unemployed and the Inter national Human Rights Case Law on the Prohibition of Forced Labour”. In Activation Policies for the Unemployed, the Right to Work and the Duty to Work, edited by ÉliseDermine and DanielDumont, 138–138. Brussels: Peter Lang.

De Schutter, Olivier. 2015. Trade in the Service of Sustainable Development: Linking Trade to Labour Rights and Environmental Standards. Oxford: Hart Publishing.

Dispersyn, Michel. 2001. “La dimension sociale dans le système des préférences généralisées (SPG) de l'Union Européenne”. Revue de la faculté de droit de l'Université libre de Bruxelles  23:87–110.

Dubin, Laurence. 2003. La protection des normes sociales dans les échanges internationaux. Aix-en-Provence: Presses Universitaires d'Aix-Marseille.

Duthu-Calvez, Vanessa. 2010. “Les avatars de la ‘  clause sociale’ dans les règles du commerce international: aspects juridiques”. PhD thesis, Université de Nantes. https://www.theses.fr/2010NANT4008.

Feldman, Lindsey Raisa, 2020. “Anti-Heroes, Wildfire, and the Complex Visibility of Prison Labor”. Crime, Media, Culture  16 (2): 221–238.

Fenwick, Colin. 2005. “Private Use of Prisoners' Labor: Paradoxes of International Human Rights Law”. Human Rights Quarterly  27 (1): 249–293.

Guido, Mario. 2019. “Private Prison Labour: Paradox or Possibility? Evaluating Modern-Day Systems and Establishing a Model Framework Through the Lens of the Forced Labour Convention”. Journal of Law and Jurisprudence  8 (2). https://doi.org/10.14324/111.2052-1871.119.

Haney, Craig. 2002. The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post-Prison Adjustment. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. http://webarchive.urban.org/publications/410624.html.

Harris, David, MichaelO'Boyle, EdBates, and CarlaBuckley. 2014. Law of the European Convention on Human Rights. 3rd ed.Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hiller, Ernest T.1915. “Labor Unionism and Convict Labor”. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology  5 (6): 851–879.

ILO. 1932a. “Prison Labour: II”. International Labour Review  25 (4): 499–524.

ILO. 1932b. “Prison Labour: I”. International Labour Review  25 (3): 311–331.

ILO. 1968. Forced Labour: General Survey on the Reports concerning the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), and the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)  . Report III, International Labour Conference, 52nd Session. Geneva.

ILO. 1998. Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations  . Report III (Part 1A), International Labour Conference, 86th Session. Geneva.

ILO. 2000. “ILO Director-General highlights need for ‘  Decent Work’, insists on employment as the best means of social inclusion and urges comprehensive employment policies to underpin globalization”. Press release, 10 November 2000. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_007916/lang–en/index.htm.

ILO. 2001. Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations  . Report III (Part 1A), International Labour Conference, 89th Session. Geneva.

ILO. 2007a. Eradication of Forced Labour: General Survey concerning the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), and the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)  . Report III (Part 1B), International Labour Conference, 96th Session. Geneva.

ILO. 2007b. Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations  . Report III (Part 1A), International Labour Conference, 96th Session. Geneva.

ILO. 2012. Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations  . Report III (Part 1A), International Labour Conference, 101st Session. Geneva.

ILO. 2019a. ILO Centenary Declaration for the Future of Work  . Geneva.

ILO. 2019b. Work for a Brighter Future: Global Commission on the Future of Work  . Geneva.

ILO. 2019c. Application of International Labour Standards 2019: Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations  . Report III (Part A), International Labour Conference, 108th Session. Geneva.

ILO. 2021. Application of International Labour Standards 2021: Addendum to the 2020 Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations  . Report III/Addendum (Part A), International Labour Conference, 109th Session.

Jacobs, Francis G., Robin C.A.White, and ClareOvey. 2010. The European Convention on Human Rights. 5th ed.Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Khwela, Michael N.2014. “A Need to Re-integrate Prisoners to the Community: A Case of Polokwane Medium B Prison, South Africa”. Athens Journal of Social Sciences  1 (2): 145–156.

Lacroix, André.2003. “L'éthique et les limites du droit”. Revue de droit de l'université de Sherbrooke  33 (1–2): 195–217.

Langille, Brian, ed. 2019. The Capability Approach to Labour Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Levi, Edward H.1948. “An Introduction to Legal Reasoning”. University of Chicago Law Review  15 (3): 501–574.

Luff, David. 2004. Le droit de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce: analyse critique. Brussels: Bruylant.

Maeran, Roberta, MarialuisaMenegatto, and AdrianoZamperini. 2017. “Il lavoro in carcere: significato psicologico”. In Il lavoro dei detenuti, edited by Maria GiovannaMattarolo and AndreaSitzia, 159–159. Padua: Padova University Press.

Maupain, Francis. 1996. “La protection internationale des travailleurs et la libéralisation du commerce mondial: un lien ou un frein?”. Revue générale de droit inter national public  1996/1:45–100.

Milman-Sivan, Faina. 2013. “Prisoners for Hire: Towards a Normative Justification of the ILO's Prohibition of Private Forced Prisoner Labor”. Fordham International Law Journal  36 (6): 1619–1682.

Milman-Sivan, Faina, and YairSagy. 2020. “On the International Labour Organization and Prison Labour: An Invitation to Recalibrate”. International Labour Review  159 (4): 505–524.

Moreau, Marie-Ange. 1996. “La clause sociale dans les traités internationaux: bilans et perspectives”. Revue française des affaires sociales  1 (96): 89–110.

Moreau, Marie-Ange. 2002. “Quelques observations sur les évolutions juridiques”. Revue inter nationale de droit économique  2–3 (T. XVI): 383–400.

Nowak, Beata Maria. 2015. “Social Reintegration of Prisoners in Selected European Union Countries”. Resocjalizacja Polska/Polish Journal of Social Rehabilitation  10 (December): 55–79.

Nussbaum, Martha C.2000. Women and Development: The Capabilities Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Nussbaum, Martha C.. 2011. Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

OIP (Observatoire international des prisons). 2020. “Le travail en prison, en France, en 2020”  . https://oip.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/oip-travail-prison-2020.pdf.

Orbie, Jan, and FerdiDe Ville. 2010. “Core Labour Standards in the GSP Regime of the European Union: Overshadowed by other Considerations”. In Human Rights at Work: Perspectives on Law and Regulation, edited by ColinFenwick and ToniaNovitz, 508–508. Oxford: Hart Publishing.

Orbie, Jan, and LisaTortell. 2009. “The New GSP+ Beneficiaries: Ticking the Box or Truly Consistent with ILO Findings?”. European Foreign Affairs Review  14 (5): 663–681.

Perulli, Adalberto. 2014. “Fundamental Social Rights, Market Regulation and EU External Action”. International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations  30 (1): 27–47.

Perulli, Adalberto. 2018. “The Perspective of Social Clauses in International Trade”  , Centre for the Study of European Labour Law “Massimo D'Antona” Working Paper, INT No. 147/2018. https://csdle.lex.unict.it/sites/default/files/Documenti/WorkingPapers/20181221-095119_Perulli_n147-2018intpdf.pdf.

Phelan, Lisa C.1997. “Making Prisons Work”. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review  30 (4): 1747–1780.

Quigley, William P.2004. “Prison Work, Wages, and Catholic Social Thought: Justice Demands Decent Work for Decent Wages, Even for Prisoners”. Santa Clara Law Review  44 (4): 1159–1178.

Rambaud, Gonzague. 2010. Le travail en prison: enquête sur le business carcéral. Paris: Autrement.

Reis, Patrice. 2010. “Commerce international, clause sociale et développement durable”. In Le commerce international entre bi- et multilatéralisme, edited by BernardRemiche and HélèneRuiz-Fabri, 320–320. Brussels: Larcier.

Sapir, André.1995. “The Interaction between Labour Standards and International Trade Policy”. World Economy  18 (6): 791–803.

Scott, Terri-Lynne. 2010. “Offender Perceptions on the Value of Employment”. Journal of Correctional Education  61 (1): 46–67.

Sen, Amartya. 2000. Development as Freedom. New York: Anchor Books.

Servais, Jean-Michel. 1989. “The Social Clause in Trade Agreements: Wishful Thinking or an Instrument of Social Progress?”. International Labour Review  128 (4): 423–432.

Servais, Jean-Michel. 2015. Droit international du travail. Brussels: Larcier.

Sorriaux, Jonathan. 2014. “Le système de préférences généralisées de l'Union Européenne: le droit douanier facteur de développement”  . PhD thesis, Université Paris–Est. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01127948.

Staelens, Patrick. 1997. “Droit du travail, intégration économique et ‘  clause sociale’ à la lumière de l'expérience nord-américaine”. PhD thesis, Université de Saint Étienne. https://www.theses.fr/1997STETT42X.

Strydom, Hennie, and M.E.Kivedo2009. “Psychosocial Needs of the Children of Incarcerated Parents”. Acta Criminologica: African Journal of Criminology & Victimology  22 (2): 99–117.

Thouvenin, Jean-Marc, and AnneTrebilcock, eds. 2013. Droit international social: droits économiques, sociaux et culturels – Tome 2: Règles du droit international social. Brussels: Bruylant.

Treu, Tiziano. 2017. “Globalizzazione e diritti umani. Le clausole sociali dei trattati commerciali e negli scambi internazionali fra imprese”  , Centre for the Study of European Labour Law “Massimo D'Antona” Working Paper, INT No. 133/2017. http://aei.pitt.edu/100497/1/20170104-015320_treu_n133-2017intpdf.pdf.

Tsogas, George. 2000. “Labour Standards in the Generalized Systems of Preferences of the European Union and the United States”. European Journal of Industrial Relations  6 (3): 349–370.

UN (United Nations). 2015. General Assembly resolution 70/1, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development  , A/RES/70/1.

Vandenberghe, Jan. 2008. “On Carrots and Sticks: The Social Dimension of EU Trade Policy”. European Foreign Affairs Review  13 (4): 561–581.

Van Ness, Daniel W., and Karen HeetderksStrong. 2015. Restoring Justice. An Introduction to Restorative Justice. Waltham: Anderson Publishing.

vanZyl Smit, Dirk, and FriederDünkel, eds. 1999. Prison Labour: Salvation or Slavery?London: Routledge.

Waer, Paul. 1996. “Social Clauses in International Trade: The Debate in the European Union”. Journal of World Trade  30 (4): 25–42.

Zatz, Noah D.2008. “Working at the Boundaries of Markets: Prison Labor and the Economic Dimension of Employment Relationships”. Vanderbilt Law Review  61 (3): 857–958.